Hints offered by N Hopley
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Section 1
Question 1
Hint 1: know that a vector has magnitude and direction
Hint 2: know that mass, energy and speed only have magnitude, and not direction
Question 2
Hint 1: recognise that we have been given values for u, a and t, and we want v
Hint 2: know to use v = u + at
Question 3
Hint 1: know that the gradient of a velocity time graph tells you about the acceleration
Hint 2: know that the steeper the gradient, the greater the acceleration
Question 4
Hint 1: know that the horizontal motion is all that's important here
Hint 2: know that we have constant horizontal velocity, with no acceleration
Hint 3: recognise that we have been given values for s, u, v and t
Hint 4: recognise that s = 3+d
Hint 5: know to use s = vt
Question 5
Hint 1: note that the table rows are in order of increasing distance from Earth
Hint 2: for statement I, look down the column for Age and see if the Age is always increasing row by row
Hint 3: for statement II, consider re-ordering the rows in the table by order of Age, and then look at the trend in the Approximate Surface Temperature
Hint 4: for statement III, look down the column for Approximate Surface Temperature to see if it is always increasing or decreasing
Question 6
Hint 1: know that geostationary orbit means that the satellite does not appear to move, when viewed from the surface of the earth
Hint 2: know that geostationary orbit means that it follows the direction of the Earth's rotation and does one rotation in one day
Hint 3: know that geostationary orbits at located at about 36000km above the surface of the earth
Question 7
Hint 1: calculate the mass of the robot on Earth, using information from the Data Sheet on Page 2 (Gravitational field strengths)
Hint 2: know that the mass does not change on Mars
Hint 3: calculate the weight of the robot on Mars, using information from the Data Sheet on Page 2 (Gravitational field strengths)
Question 8
Hint 1: know that charge = current × time
Hint 2: know that the current is in amperes and the time is in seconds
Question 9
Hint 1: know that we will use V = I R
Hint 2: to obtain the value for R, use the graph to read off the resistance when temperature is 50°C
Hint 3: notice that the scale on the graph for resistance is in kilo-ohms, and not ohms
Question 10
Hint 1: know that an LED is lit when the current flows into it in the direction of it's 'arrow'
Hint 2: know that the current flows from the 'long line' to the 'short line' of the battery
Hint 3: in each diagram, the current flows in a clockwise direction
Hint 4: eliminate all the circuits where the LEDs' arrows are pointing 'against' the flow
Question 11
Hint 1: know that in a light dependent resistor, low light levels means low resistance
Hint 2: when the light level decreases, current can more easily flow through the LDR
Hint 3: in turn, this will allow the transistor to let current flow
Question 12
Hint 1: know that voltage across resistors arranged in parallel will be the same
Hint 2: know that voltage across resistors arranged in series will be the different
Hint 3: know that the source voltage will equal the sum of the voltages that are - in effect - in series
Question 13
Hint 1: recognise that if it is a solid at P, then it changes state during QR and changes again during ST
Hint 2: recognise that it is a liquid for RS and a gas for TU
Hint 3: know that 'specific latent heat of fusion' refers to changing from solid to a liquid
Question 14
Hint 1: recognise that we have been given p, ρ and we know a value for g
Hint 2: recognise that we want the value for h
Hint 3: substitute all the values in for the known letters
Hint 4: rearrange to obtain the value for h
Question 15
Hint 1: know that something parked in the sun generally becomes warmer
Hint 2: know that increased temperature causes air particles to move with greater kinetic energy
Question 16
Hint 1: know that Charles' Law states that V/T is constant if the pressure is kept constant
Hint 2: know that temperature must be measured in Kelvin, not Celsius
Hint 3: work out V/T for the original situation, to get 0.00102389….
Question 17
Hint 1: know that amplitude is half of the vertical distance between a peak and a trough
Hint 2: know that wavelength is the distance to complete one cycle of a wave
Question 18
Hint 1: know that frequency = 1/period
Hint 2: know that period is measured in seconds, not milli-seconds
Hint 3: convert 80ms to seconds
Question 19
Hint 1: know that when the size of the gap or object is much larger than the wavelength of the waves, the waves are only slightly diffracted.
Hint 2: know that when the size of the gap or object is nearly the same as the wavelength of the waves, the diffraction effect is greatest
Hint 3: know that after any diffreaction, the wavelength does not change
Question 20
Hint 1: know that angles of incidence and refraction are always measured relative to the normal
Hint 2: in the diagram given, the normal is the dotted line
Question 21
Hint 1: know that alpha particles are positively charged
Hint 2: positively charged particles are attracted to negative fields, and repelled from positive fields
Hint 3: know that gamma particles have no electrical charge
Hint 4: particles with no electrical charge are not affected by charged fields
Question 22
Hint 1: know that activity is measured to be the number of atoms decaying per second
Hint 2: convert 3 minutes into seconds
Question 23
Hint 1: know that there are 12 months in a year
Hint 2: calculate the total number of hours exposure per year, from 6 flights per month, with each flight being 8 hours
Hint 3: multiply this total by the hourly dose rate, given in the question
Question 24
Hint 1: recognise that we want gamma particles as they will be most easy to monitor after travelling through human flesh
Hint 2: recognise that we want particles with a short half life so that the particles decay quickly
Question 25
Hint 1: half the number 56
Hint 2: half it again
Hint 3: keep halving until you reach 3.5
Hint 4: count the number of times you halved - this is the number of half lives that have happened
Hint 5: use the fact that this number of half lives have happened in 40 hours, to work out one half life
Section 2
Question 1
1a)i) Hint 1: the magnitude of the resultant is the distance from A to E
1a)i) Hint 2: draw a right angled triangle, with AE at the hypothenuse
1a)i) Hint 3: use lengths AB and CD to determine the length of the East-West distance
1a)i) Hint 4: use lengths BC and DE to determine the length of the North-South distance
1a)i) Hint 5: use Pythagoras' Theorem
1a)ii) Hint 6: use the right angled triangle and trigonometry to obtain the angle that AE is below due East
1a)ii) Hint 7: convert the angle to a bearing, or include words to describe the angle size relative to a compass direction
1b) Hint 8: know that average velocity = displacement / time
1b) Hint 9: know that displacement is the magnitude of the resultant, from part (a)(i)
1b) Hint 10: note that average velocity requires a direction to be stated, from part (a)(ii)
1c) Hint 11: know that time = distance / average speed
1c) Hint 12: use the given numbers to calculate the time for the second quadcopter
1c) Hint 13: compare the calculated time to that stated in part (b)
1d) Hint 14: know that a hovering quadcopter must have balanced forces else it would move in a direction
Question 2
2a)i) Hint 1: know that a = (v - u)/t
2a)i) Hint 2: know that we can select any point from the first section of the graph to provide the numbers required
2a)i) Hint 3: read from the graph that u = 0, v = 24, t = 9.5, or possibly that u = 0, v = 10, t = 4
2a)ii) Hint 4: know that F = m a
2a)ii) Hint 5: use F from the question, and a from part (a)(i) to calculate the value for m
2a)iii) Hint 6: know that the pulling force must equal the frictional force plus the unbalanced force
2b) Hint 7: know that the area under a velocity-time graph gives the distance covered
2b) Hint 8: read off the velocity after 8 seconds
2b) Hint 9: work out the area of the triangle that has base length 8 and height 20
Question 3
Hint 1: no hints available for this open ended question
Question 4
4a) Hint 1: know that the star's line spectra should match all of the line spectra from the elements in the star
4a) Hint 2: compare the vertical lines in the bottom row with the vertical lines in the other rows, to find all that match up
4b)i) Hint 3: know that a light year is the distance travelled by light in one year
4b)ii) Hint 4: know to use distance = speed x time
4b)ii) Hint 5: look up the speed of light from the Data Sheet on Page 2 (Speed of light in materials)
4b)ii) Hint 6: calculate the number of seconds in one year
4c) Hint 7: no hints available for this open ended question
Question 5
5a)i) Hint 1: no hints available
5a)ii) Hint 2: know that resistance increases as the length increases
5a)ii) Hint 3: know that the current decreases as the length increases
5a)iii) Hint 4: read along your graph to 0.50m then follow the grid lines up to your plotted line to obtain the predicted current
5a)iv) Hint 5: know that repeating an experiment can give different values that could then be analysed together
5b) Hint 6: recognise that the current does not need to travel the full length of the wire
5b) Hint 7: recognise that as the wire is now effectively shorter, the resistance will be less than that for the whole wire
Question 6
6a)i) Hint 1: recognise that the resistors are in series
6a)i) Hint 2: recognise that the total resistance will be the sum of the individual resistances
6a)i) Hint 3: use V = I R, with V and R known
6a)ii) Hint 4: know to use P = I²R
6b)i) Hint 5: know that resistors in parallel have their total resistance calculated using 1/RT = 1/R1 + 1/R2
6b)i) Hint 6: add in the 120 ohm resistor that is in series to the other two
6b)ii) Hint 7: notice that the total resistance is the same as that in part (a)
6b)ii) Hint 8: conclude that the current will be the same
6b)ii) Hint 9: conclude that the power will also be the same
Question 7
7a) Hint 1: know that Power = Energy / time
7a) Hint 2: know that the units of Power must be in Watts and not kW
7a) Hint 3: replace the values of P and t, to work out the energy
7b)i) Hint 4: look up the specific heat capacity of water from the Data Sheet on Page 2 (Specific heat capacity of materials)
7b)i) Hint 5: use the formula for Energy = specific heat capacity × mass × change in temperature
7b)ii) Hint 6: calculate the maximum surplus energy as the difference between what was given in part (a) and what was needed from (b)(i)
7b)ii) Hint 7: look up the specific latent heat capacity of water from the Data Sheet on Page 2 (Specific latent heat of vaporisation of materials)
7b)ii) Hint 8: use the formula for Energy = specific latent heat capacity × mass
7b)iii) Hint 9: know that not all energy conversions happen without some energy lost in the process, by various other means
Question 8
8a) Hint 1: remember to make reference to what specifically the force is acting upon
8b) Hint 2: know to use p = F / A
8b) Hint 3: recognise that we have the values for p [from before part(a)] and A [from part (b)]
8c)i) Hint 4: know that Boyle's Law states that pV is constant if the temperature is kept constant
8c)i) Hint 5: calculate the new volume from addition of the increase
8c)i) Hint 6: use p1 × V1 = p2 × V2
8c)i) Hint 7: recognise that you have the values for p1, V1 and V2
8c)ii) Hint 8: know that if there is more volume, then the particles collide with the container wall less frequently
8c)ii) Hint 9: this means that the force on the walls is less
8c)ii) Hint 10: resulting in a decrease in pressure
Question 9
9a) Hint 1: know to use v = f λ
9a) Hint 2: know that f must be measured in Hz and not MHz
9a) Hint 3: know that v is the speed of light in air (refer to the Data Sheet on Page 2)
9b) Hint 4: know that the speed of sound is different to the speed of light
9c)i) Hint 5: know to use Ek = (1/2)mv²
9c)i) Hint 6: recognise that we have values for Ek, and m
9c)ii) Hint 7: know that energy conversation nearly always involves loss of energy
Question 10
10a) Hint 1: know that infrared and gamma rays are both types of electromagnetic waves
10b) Hint 2: know that not all electromagnet waves have the same frequency.
10c) Hint 3: no hints available
Question 11
11a)i) Hint 1: know that the angle of refraction is different to the angle of incidence as the ray enters the glass block
11a)i) Hint 2: know that the angles change again as the ray exits the glass block
11a)ii) Hint 3: know that PQ is called the normal
11b) Hint 4: know that the wavelength will be affected by the material that the wave is passing through
11b) Hint 5: know that if the materials are the same, then the wavelengths will be the same
Question 12
12a) Hint 1: no hints available for this open ended question
12b) Hint 2: know that half lives are best calculated over the longest period of time, to ensure the most accurate result
12c)i) Hint 3: know to use D = E/m
12c)i) Hint 4: know that E must be measured in Joules and not μJ
12c)ii) Hint 5: know to use H = D w
12c)ii) Hint 6: recognise that we are told H from the question, and D will come from part (c)(i)
12d) Hint 7: know how radiation affects a photographic film
12d) Hint 8: know that different materials absorb radiation in different ways
Question 13
Hint 1: no hints available for this open ended question